Some schools encourage active citizenship wherein students participate in creating and modifying schools codes of conduct, and other aspects of their schooling, including course content. This is a basic but surprisingly complex and difficult process that benefits from experience, knowledge and effort. 2010). Table 6.1 Structural Differences between School and Family Settings. Within these two generalizations, however, much differentiation existed regarding the amount of money spent on the clothing. Pomerantz argues that dress codes are not simply neutral school policies; they also impact on the creation of gender, sexuality, and race. Socializationrefers to the ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. Of course, popularity is a factor in social identity. They may be more socially mature and have better leadership skills than other children as well. Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, After reading this chapter, you will be able to. Other agents of socialization are family, peers, religion, work, media, internet, and social media. Families and schools are major contributors to socialization, but there are other systems of socialization within ecological systems theory. Obviously, students in schools are expected to follow the school codes or face some type of reprimand. Verbal abuse by the teacher (which consisted of verbal humiliation, name-calling, and yelling) was also found to negatively impact on students academic achievement. How do they contribute to student socialization? For example, the government funds public schools, which play a key role in children's socialization. Typically, socialization is thought of as something that happens to young people, but socialization occurs throughout ones lifetime. Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. The next section addresses the techniques that are used within schools to socialize children into being desirable students. Overall, Raby and Domitrek (2007) have found that Canadian youth seemed to be generally supportive of rules they regarded as protective (rules prohibiting fighting and bringing weapons to school, for example), as long as they were presented as logical and enforced fairly in practice. Victims also tend to experience irritability (Sharp 1995), anxiety (Olweus 1978; Salmon and James 1998; Sharp 1995; Slee 1994), and anger and self-pity (Borg 1998). These agents include the family, education, religion, peer groups, and the media, and they all play a significant role in shaping an individual's beliefs, values, and behaviors. School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. If activities and behaviours are gendered by teachers, this can have an impact on how children see appropriate female and male roles. So far, it has been argued that children must adapt to features of school that are much different from their family environments. Canadian research has produced similar results to its American counterpart. Not all school violence is overt. School helps your child learn skills to relate to different personality types. The others category was a catchall for various other peer groups, such as nerds, band club, normals, loners, and the unpopular. Favourable school climates are characterized by non-arbitrary rule enforcement, rewarding of appropriate behaviour, and positive interactions between students and teachers (Reinke and Herman 2002). Research in British Columbia around this policy has also found that those who are disciplined under zero tolerance policies are more likely to have disabilities or be racial minorities (Cassidy and Jackson 2005). Below are the topics covered by both streams at grades 10, 11, & 12. These 1400 hours in the school setting per year do not include extracurricular activities and school preparatory work, like homework. First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. Dunstable School in Alberta, for example, has instituted policies that promote socially desirable behaviour. The disadvantages experienced by Aboriginal children in Canadian schools may be at least partially driven by the self-fulfilling prophecy. They also found significant differences by province: students from Saskatchewan were much more likely to have university options than those in British Columbia, Alberta, or Ontario. Krahn and Taylor (2007) found that a major influence on course selection was parental education and family income; students from families with lower incomes and in which neither parent had post-secondary qualifications were more likely to take lower-streamed courses. 1. As noted by Sussman et al. The process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong; accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. Students who are consistently placed in remedial classes may also start to view themselves as slow (Barakett and Cleghorn, 2008). Many researchers have called the reaction to perceived underachievement by boys a global moral panic (see, for example, Griffin 2000; Smith 2003; Weaver-Hightower 2003). The role of peer groups was also discussed. Raby (2005, 2008) and Raby and Domitrek (2007) argue that the school is a place where young people are socialized, but that top-down rule making assumes passive citizenship where students are relatively powerless. Students develop valuable knowledge and skills that will allow them to make informed decisions as they become independent citizens. In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. The school, like Won Ska, has a high retention rate. This story represents school at its most frightening and disturbing. Other research findings reveal that this is more than a perception and that abject racism has been detected in schools use of disciplinary procedures (Ferguson, Tilleczek, Boydell, and Rummens 2005). A Historical Overview of Education in Canada, 6. What kinds of resources are available on their websites? What kinds of peer groups existed in your high school? (2010) found that in Grade 9 streaming practices in Ontario, Black African and Caribbean students were disproportionately found in the lower streams. What are some examples of streaming? In this chapter, the complex role of socialization within schools was introduced. The inner ring is characterized by explicit moral instruction. The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. While the initial appeal of zero tolerance policies is that they theoretically apply the same punishment for rule infractions uniformly to everyone, the actual application of the policy does not appear to be so equitable. This type of socialization is accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. Explicit moral instruction occurs in the elementary grades, when children are socialized to aspire to virtues such as kindness, generosity, courage, and hard work. Describe the processes by which socialization occurs in schools. How did you perceive other groups? Such findings have resulted in mixed reactions. Individual subjects in school also have a tendency to be sex-stereotyped. When peer group relationships are positive, it is reasonable to assume that the school environment is a supportive and potentially enjoyable one. Meanness, on the one hand, is a trait that is spurned by girls, yet, on the other hand, is associated with popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006). It is implied, however, that more male role models in the classroom would improve boys improvementbut critics again argue that this view relies on a single vision of masculinity that is assumed to be the same among all male teachers (Greig 2003). In addition to social class distinctions in streaming, racial minority students are also overrepresented in the bottom groups of streaming ability (Oakes 2005). In 2004, the Ontario Human Rights Commission provided evidence that since the adoption of the Safe Schools Act, a disproportionate number of students with various disabilities had been suspended or expelled (Bhattacharje 2003). Canadian studies of the outcomes associated with home schooling are much less plentiful than in the United States, where the home schooling movement has been growing rapidly. What are the rationales given for dress codes and school uniforms? While these groupings are very broad, they do point to the consistency of general groups over time and across English-speaking countries. Religion. Box 6.1 Teaching Morality through Example and through Curriculum, Do students look at teachers as moral exemplars? If theyre breaking what theyre saying it means nothing to us then.1 A student at the competition shot a video of the dance which quickly became an internet sensation accompanied by much public moral outrage. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2004) and Me Read? The skills that allow an individual to function within society; in the school setting, it is achieved when students embrace and achieve socially sanctioned goals. In this instruction, children are taught desirable and undesirable virtues. If your child is stressed by harmful actions of a school bully or experiences frequent conflicts, his socialization experience can deteriorate quickly. Their focus on fashion and popular music largely shaped the popular girls lives and friendships with one another, as well as their relationships with other peers inside and outside of the school. As well, children who cannot engage themselves with the material being taught in the classroom may turn to disruption of peers due to boredom and frustration. The ongoing process of learning the expected behaviours, values, norms, and social skills of individuals who occupy particular roles in society. Sweet et al. Sex-typing of childrens play (e.g., specific activities for boys and others for girls) can also contribute to reinforcing gender differences in behaviour and the understanding that children have about the appropriate roles for males and females. What were the characteristics of unpopular students. For example, in 2010, two Winnipeg teachers were under investigation after performing a sexually suggestive dirty dance at a high school dance competition. Not all post-secondary institutions, however, accept ELA 30-2 for entry. Similarly, students who attend private schools can be conceptualized as having been streamed into elite classes that tend to reproduce social stratification in society. WebHowever, there are some ways in which school can be considered primary socialization. These preferred styles reflect normative cultural values about what is valued cultural knowledge. 2007), teens in the deviant groups tended to have lower self-esteem and life satisfaction compared to other groups, and also tended to have poor parenting. Raby (2006) identifies several ways that youth express resistance to what they perceive as dominant forces of socialization. Peer aggression can also take the form of relational aggression, which has been identified as behaviour specific to girls (Artz 1998; Simmons 2002). As well, much flexibility exists in the structure and content of courses as they are shaped by student interest. The peer group becomes more important in adolescence as a source of emotional security and identity. The topics that children learn about and how they are presented are just one way that school acts as a socializing agent. (2007) found that across numerous studies from the English-speaking world, peer groups generally fell into five very broad categories: elites, athletes, deviants, academics, and others. In school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. In order to address the boy problem, the Ontario Ministry of Education has created guides for improving boys literacy.8 Booklets called Me Read? 9. Girls who wear tank tops and are reprimanded are at risk of being deemed immoral or slutty, and boys who violate certain rules aimed at them may be labelled gangsters. Pomerantz argues that implicit in many of the dress code discourses is the message that it is a females moral duty to keep herself covered. However, Brendgen, Wanner, and Vitaro (2006) found that teacher verbal abuse actually contributed to future adolescent delinquent behaviour in their 17-year cohort study in Quebec, which tracked children from kindergarten to age 23. American research has found that the home schooled tend to succeed when they attend university (Ray 2004) and were more likely to have at least some college education compared to the general American population. In April of 2007, zero tolerance policies were removed from Ontario schools.6. Opponents to uniforms argue that they impinge on students self-expression, create a disciplinarian environment, and do little to equalize social class differences among students. Less overt ways of instilling values through curricular practices are also found in citizenship education, which teaches students about being good citizens. Citizenship education is present in the primary and secondary curricula of all Canadian provinces and territories (Evans 2006). Variation and Formulas Completing a Portfolio, English Language Arts Streaming in Alberta, Mathematics is not the only subject that is streamed. It is explained that students voices are important and that individual voices are to be developed within the boundaries of the community, which upholds the three rules. This group tended to care the least about schoolwork and did not participate in extracurricular activities. 1982). In April 2010, it was announced that the teachers would no longer be employed at the high school. The ways school socialises a person. Socialization is a process of inheriting the customs, ethnicity and philosophies which provides them with expertise and ways which are important for the people to be a part of their own society. Sociologists have divided socialization in Six (6) groups. The first one is Primary socialization in which the Researchers have determined that bully victims are weak in temperament (Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), lack physical strength (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Hodges and Perry 1999; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), and are somehow different in terms of looks (including race), dress, or physical ability (Bernstein and Watson 1997; Fried 1997). Racialized students and those who have had previous conduct problems within schools are much more likely to drop out of school. The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). the expected responsibilities, rights, and behaviours of teachers, school staff, and parents (in addition to students) and are worded in a manner that emphasizes co-operation and tolerance rather than solely focusing on punishments for rule infractions; recourses for students who wish to appeal rules (Lewis 1999; Raby 2008; Schimmel 2003). As noted in an official Alberta Education document: Whether they are conscious of it or not, schools are involved in teaching cultural and societal mores and values and in shaping students ideas about what constitutes good behaviour (Alberta Education 2005:1). Such rules were routinely broken and created resentment among students for what they perceived as ridiculous rules that teachers spent far too much time enforcing, and were often seen to enforce in targeted and unegalitarian ways. While the characteristics of teachers in the process of socialization have been discussed above, another related feature that has been found to be associated with behavioural outcomes in children is school climate. In contrast, Pre-calculus mathematics is described as designed for students who will be continuing studies at the post-secondary level in fields related to mathematics and science.
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