ideology, federalism becomes the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the. /Resources << INTERNAL COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA Some of the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria are the diversity of the nation and the desire for political, cultural and social identity of a people of over 250 ethnic groups, several languages, diversities and a lot of political traditions; the desire for some form of sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. ff>qsfN? SjHw`d"*z;3N&W3k]:}N\t+5 (Nw3hW"T"aDV$V e. On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government. Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. Each state has the same level of self-governance. June 1,2022 So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. /F5 18 0 R The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. /F7 24 0 R More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. Take for example, in the Nigerian case of Attorney General of Federation v Attorney General of Abia and others (2002) 3 NCLR 1ar p 54, the issue of resource control in a true federalism was the bone of contention in that matter. >> Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. Other specific reasons for the increasing demand for decentralisation are: Central governments increasingly are finding that it is impossible for them to . This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. This is so because where federal principles apply, the various ethnic groups that cannot or dont form majority to produce large part may have the opportunity of governing themselves within their federating unit controlled by them. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. The construct of federalism, which originates with the concept of intergovernmental relations, dates back to the Greek civilization. This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. From the onset, Nigeria, like most of her federating peers, has faced one major challenge in the course of her political voyage - the crisis of who is who. Ordinarily and without much logicality, by who is who, one means the problematic and destructive component of identity. However, where there is a conflict of authority between the federal government and regional government, the federal authority supersedes. But nigeria today became the proudable and bearable country, As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. This was many times more the population of most African countries then. These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. /Filter /DCTDecode This is because most of the power (financial and. The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, Differences Between First, Second and Third Degree Murder, Best Lawyers In The World (With Pictures): Top 10 Most Popular, Factors that Limits Independence of the Judiciary in Nigeria, Statute of Fraud: Contracts Required to be in Writing, Advantages And Disadvantages Of a Limited Liability Company (LLC), Richest Christian Musicians In The World: Top 10 Wealthiest, Countries With The Highest Minimum Wage 2022: Top 13, Best Handworks/Skills To Learn In Nigeria 2023: Top 12 Most Lucrative, Richest Engineers In Nigeria 2022: Top 10 Highest Paid, Cheapest Places to Live in the United Kingdom 2022: 12 Most Affordable, Cheapest Places/Cities To Live In Nigeria 2022. (Tanzi, 1996). Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. In Nigeria, the main reason for the adoption of a federal arrangement was the sociological complexity of the society, its ethnic and geographical diversity. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. Payment Details. Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. /Parent 2 0 R Further Philosophical Issues 4.1 Sovereignty or federalism 4.2 Issues of Constitutional and Institutional Design 4.3 Sources of Stability 4.4 Division of Power 4.5 Distributive Justice This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. Fiscal Federalism and Democratic Governance in Nigeria - I. O. Taiwo 2004 There was just the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. 2. Nigeria has been dubbed as a product of British colonial suturing. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. The chief architect of this theory is Riker. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. There are three major tribes in Nigeria namely Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. Your email address will not be published. s" +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ 1. Power Sharing Formula We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. (eds. Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. The Hausa Fulani and the Minorities feared the domination of political powers by the Igbos and Yorubas. It is our pleasure. 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Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? 1. was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of . It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. Moreover, it is important to note that most of the ethnic groups in Nigeria had strong political inter-group relationship before colonial rule. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? It allows for popular participation in politics at every level of government. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. stream Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. Such arrangement would inter alia breed neglect, frustration and aggression; no thanks to the red-tape inherent in unitarism. of diversities helps in a nations decision to adopt the aggregative or disaggregative type of federalism. In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . Federalism was basically introduced to bring about peace and unity in the different regions of the country. Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. Here, both the majority and minority are represented in the government. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. He rejects the assertion that 3l:rmO"XDhG%2| Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.8, no.2, . Geographical nearness of the component states to each other and the state network of roads and transportation. 3. The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. Keywords: Civil war, Secession, Self-determination, Nationalism and Restructuring, This work critically examines the issues undermining the unification of Nigeria, using indicators and concepts including failed state, separatist agitation and insecurity. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. /Font << This allows the central or federal government to share governmental powers between the central or federal government and the components regions, state, etc. So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Federalism in Nigeria. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's Moreover, Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. The British in their quest for economic wealth and geo-political edges over other Europeans in Africa made Nigeria the largest British colony in Africa. The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". The states were later increased to 30 states. Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. 33 The Marriage Act, Laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990, sec 18 specifically stipulates: "If either party to an intended marriage, not being a Consent widower or widow, is under twenty-one years of age, the written consent of the father, or if he be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the mother, or if both be dead or of unsound mind or absent from Nigeria, of the . On the contrary it has also been suggested that is created more diversity and conflict for the nation to grapple with. Is there high propensity or likelihood of exclusion, marginalization and relative deprivation, which was to engender obsessive mutual antagonism? Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. RESTRUCTURE OR DISINTEGRATE, OFFICIAL CORRUPTION AND THE DILEMA OF INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA, The Rationale for AfSol in Peace and Security: The Global, National and Regional Precipitants, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Giving Peace a Chance in Nigeria: The Case for a Preventive Diplomacy, Framing of Neo-Biafra Agitations in Selected Nigerian Newspapers, CRISES OF FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE FUTURE OF THE MIDDLE BELT REGION, Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. Population of the country document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria. READ ALSO: Reasons for political apathy in Nigeria, Get the hottest stories from the largest news site in Nigeria. Since a strong bond links the process through which constitutions are produced and their degree of acceptance and effectiveness, questions over the Constitutions legitimacy prompted parliament to amend it in 2010. Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. |4-Iv The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. In 1939 sir Bernard Bourdillion made a serious constitutional proposal which concluded having regional councils with a central council in Lagos. Federalism in India. In some areas where major communal or other social antagonism cuts across territorial boundaries, ranging through all the federating units, communities or classes have been driven to seek to protect or strengthen their position by inter-territorial union. In this article, i will comprehensively discuss the reasons for federalism in Nigeria. << Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey.
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