While it is hard sometimes to match particular events from the Amarna letters to exact biblical events from this time period, it is not hard to see that the land and culture in question is the same. Kassite kings ruled for about 400 years. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. L. Sassmannshausen, The Adaptation of the Kassites to the Babylonian Civilization, in K. van Lerberghe and G. Voet, eds., Languages and Cultures in Contact. (1998, pp. To the east of the Hittite Empire, Mesopotamia was not ruled by a single state or empire during most of the Bronze Age. And I realized all my beliefs like what Edison believed came from the Bible. 14151155 BCE." . Volume 2 Kardunia. 1150-985 BCE), viz., the second dynasty of Isin, the second dynasty of the Sealand, and the Bazi dynasty, had Akkadian, Kassite, and hybrid (Akkadian-Kassite) names. of Balkan, Kassitenstudien, Archiv fr Orientforschung 18,1957-58, pp. It is mostly translated as "Ur of the Chaldeans." The problem with "Chaldeans" is that it is a late word used in the Neo-Babylonian times. The landed property was only partially in the hands of Kassites. The Kassites - Bible History The Kassites You are here: Home Ancient Babylonia Old Babylonian Period (2000 - 1595 BC) The Kassites Just exactly who The Kassites were, and anything about their origins and history, is very obscure. Iraq Museum, Limestone relief of a male figure from Tell al-Rimah, Iraq. [32][33] The Kassites also extended their power into the Persian Gulf, including at Qal'at al-Bahrain. Cuneiform Texts in The Otago Museum: A preliminary report. Excerpt from the Lexham Bible Dictionary, . [37] According to the Assyrian Synchronistic Chronicle, which is not considered reliable, the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there in 1155 BC, where he also died. Jesus is the culmination of His ancestors' expectation of the fulfillment of the Edenic Promise. Abraham, K. (2013). Katiliau and the Sumundar Canal: A New Middle Babylonian Royal Inscription. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [57] The images created by these seals were unique to each seal, but many shared the same subject matter. Other ceramic goods, such as traps for small animals and vessels commonly thought to be fruit stands were found also. The Kassites were very active at Ur. In addition to their original members and dependents, both sectors absorbed prisoners of war, fugitive foreigners. This negative find, compared with the hypothetical appearance of Kassite names in the documents from Old Babylonian Susa, may strengthen the case for an eastern origin of the Kassites. 2, 2021, pp. They are recorded as weavers and other textile workers, but are underrepresented in most of the other handicrafts (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. xv). After the Hittites' surgeon Babylon, the Kassites, coming from the North, North-East, settled in Babylon and founded their dynasty by Agum. Jahresband, 1969, pp. Their communication with the authorities was facilitated by translators, who also acted as informers. 11, no. Iraq Museum, Terracotta plaque of a seated goddess, from Southern Mesopotamia, Iraq. 112 f.). The 9th year name of king Samsu-iluna (17491712 BC) of Babylon, the son of Hammurabi mentions them ie. ISBN 0-521-563585. pp. But a Bible verse got me back to reading the Bible again. Namri was named Babil, i.e., Babylon, in Urartian inscriptions, according to Diakonoff and Kashkai (1979, pp. Yanoam, is not known (maybe Yaknoam). "6. Another ancient Middle Eastern people known as the Elam finally defeated the last Kassite ruler in 12 B.C. Historians and scholars claim that their rule was the longest in the history of ancient Babylon. The Kassites were not referenced in the Bible but according to some Christian and Hebrew scholars a king named Cushan-Rishathaim was supposed to have been a Kassite ruler. 165-74. Kassite Dynasty (List of Kings) Gandash, 16 years Agum I (s), 22 years 415 f.). Learn how your comment data is processed. 224 f.). The Character of the Kassite rule in Babylonia (the chronology follows Boese, 1982; cf. Under the later Kassite kings political authority was weakened as peripheral provinces detached themselves from effective state control (see Brinkman, 1963, pp. It was discovered in 1896 and is stored in the Cairo Museum currently. "16. 55 f., 231, 325 ff., 336 ff.). 3, 1973, pp. Unfortunately, it is not certain whether or not this is a clear reference to Israel. First Century Israel Map - There is a striking parallel in the #287 and #290 Amarna letters referring to Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem. Both sectors were based on the redistributive principle characteristic of Mesopotamian household organization (see Edens, 1994, p. 211). (Gen. 3:15) It is from the Horite priesthood that the priesthood of Israel developed. Ira Spar, Michael Jursa: Cuneiform Texts from the Metropolitan Museum of Art IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium BC. The images were made by stamping or rolling the seals into wet clay. Cush here probably refers, not to Ethiopia, but to the land of the Kassites in the mountains of east of Mesopotamia. of Balkan, Kassitenstudien, JNES 15, 1956, pp. Many endure rather than enjoy reading these two chapters. Brinkman, J. 129, Brinkman, J. Please support World History Encyclopedia. The endonym of the Kassites was probably Galzu, although they have also been referred to by the names Kau, Kassi, Kasi or Kashi. "Ur in the Kassite Period". The Babylonian Empire. This document includes a graphic timeline (imagemap) and a hypertexted text timeline The world of the Bible is knowable. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Bible Charts and Maps, PO Box 171053, Austin, TX 78717 "Now a river flowed out of Eden to water the garden; and from there it divided and became four rivers. Administration and Society in Kassite Babylonia. Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. After acting as king of Babylon for a year (1220 BCE), Tukulti-Ninurta I appointed a succession of puppet rulers, who controlled Babylonia for a decade. Christ's first name, Jesus, was Yeshua. The Early Kassite Period". 2014. [59], Male head from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, Kassite, reign of Marduk-apla-iddina I. Iraq Museum, Door socket from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq. kudurru). 71 ff.) While the term Kushite is generally understood as meaning black African, several places in the Bible refer to other locations as Kush, including Midian, the home of Moses' wife Zipporah. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. 1-14. The only named ruler of Bt-Hamban bore the Kassite anthroponym (originally title) Ianz. The documentation from Old Babylonian Susa would have strengthened the case for the Zagros as the original country of the Kassites, were it not limited, undated, and to some extent of questionable interpretation (Zadok, 1987, p. 16). [52] Many small pottery kilns, generally no bigger than 2 meters in diameter with domed tops, were found in the Babylonian city of Dilbat. 4 Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? . 2, 2004, pp. [4] The Kassite religion is also poorly known. [1] By the time of Babylon's fall, the Kassites had already been part of the region for a century and a half, acting sometimes with the Babylon's interests and sometimes against. Kassites after the fall of the Kassite dynasty. Sassmannshausen (2001, p. 137) infers that they were subjected to Kassite inspectors. Kassite. Christians have historically spoken of the Bible as being divided into the "Old" and the "New" testaments. Volume 1 Kardunia. The Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections makes a very strong argument that it is not representing Israel but the field is quite divided on this piece. The Kassites, an ancient people who spoke neither an Indo-European nor a Semitic language, originated in Lorestn. 1496 BCE, i.e., just three years after its fall, if to rely upon the evidence of the texts from Tall Muammad (for their onomasticon, see Zadok, 1994, p. 48a; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. June 14, 2022; pros and cons of stem cell therapy for knees . 2, pp. 469 f.; Dosch and Deller, 1981), as well as in Middle Assyrian documents (see Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 470; cf. Idem, Beitrge zur Verwaltung und Gesellschaft Babyloniens in der Kassitenzeit, Baghdader Forschungen 21, Mainz, 2001. [19], The ancient city of Nippur was a major focus for the Kassites. What type of medicine do you put on a burn? This discovery was made by the same archaeologist (Ludwig Borchardt) that discovered the Nefertiti bust and helped excavate the Amarna region. Judges 8:33 records that after Gideon died, the Israelites turned from the Lord and worshiped Baals and made Baal-berith their God. The attempt of A. Ancillotti (1981) to demonstrate that Kassite is originally an Indo-Aryan language is not convincing. There was an intensive connection between the ruling dynasty and the city of Nippur. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. 20712, Brinkman, J. Ancient Orient Museum, Duck-shaped weight mentioning the name of the priest Mashallim-Marduk, Kassite, from Babylon. On the other hand, they are not underrepresented in the ration lists, which points to their presence in the lower echelons of the society. Babylonia was recognized as a great power by the other Near Eastern powers, namely, its neighbors and Egypt, according to the Amarna correspondence. 1465 BCE (Brinkman, 1972, p. 274; Edens 1994, p. 210). S. F. C. Richardson, The Collapse of a Complex State: A Reappraisal of the End of the First Dynasty of Babylon, 1683-1597 B.C., Ph.D. At some point between the 14th and 9th centuries BCE, the great ziggurat of Babylon was built which would later become associated with the Tower of Babel. H. Gasche, J. The Karun river runs a course of over 500 miles. 234-37; idem, 1984, pp. 31-51. In the 12th century Elam struck the final blow at Kassite power in Babylonia, already weakened by local insurrection. 150 f.; see Balkan, 1954, pp. The Kassites first appeared during the reign of Samsu-iluna (1749-1712 BC), son of Hammurabi of the First Babylonian Dynasty and after being defeated by Babylon, moved to control the city-state of Mari. 24 f., 33 f., 38 f., 45, 54, 57, 66 f., 68 ff., 82 ff., 92 ff.). As is clear from this material, the Kassites spoke a language without a genetic relationship to any other known tongue (cf. [2] There are records of Kassite and Babylonian interactions, in the context of military employment, during the reigns of Babylonian kings Samsu-iluna (1686 to 1648 BC), Ab-euh, and Amm-ditna. A. However, I dont think that Ahmose IIs stele tells the story. 271-81. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [51] It is found in many Moesoptamia cities including Eridu and Tell Khaiber. It is important to know that many of the cities of Canaan that were mentioned in the Bible have now undergone excavations. As semi-nomads the Kassites were organized in family and tribal units. and ruled the area for 576 years. The first Jewish king, King Saul, defeated the Ammonites and made them his servants. Babylonia under the Kassites 1, edited by Alexa Bartelmus and Katja Sternitzke, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017, pp. This relief shows 3 different peoples essentially having Egyptian rule placed over them. The horse, the sacred animal of the Kassites, probably first came into use in Babylonia at this time. The inscription is believed to be between 1400 1200 BCE, right around the time where Israel was in captivity or shortly after leaving captivity. The opening of Joshua, chapter 10, describes the King of Jerusalem being afraid because of the capturing of Ai and Jericho by Joshua during battle. 58 f., 65 f.; cf. 3 And all the princes of the king of Babylon came in, and sat . These grants were recorded on stone stelae (sing. Ghent, 1998. This should come at no surprise given the nature of god/goddess worship within the land. The work at Isin was initated by Kurigalzu I and continued by Kadashman-Enlil I, and after a lapse, by Adad-shuma-usur and Meli-Shipak II. An Elamite, Kutir-Nahhunte, captures the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi (1157 - 1155 B.C. 519-21. ; Cancik-Kirschbaum, 1996, no. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation. This is when they are shown on the Biblical Timeline with world history. The origin of the Kassites is uncertain, though a number of theories have been advanced. 412-18. 685685, Malko, Helen. 27181. A terminus post quem for the Kassites penetration into the Middle Euphrates region and Upper Mesopotamia in general can be deduced from the absence of Kassite names.in the rich documentation from early Old Babylonian Mari, Tuttul, Tall Lln, and Chaghar Bazar. [46], The Kassite language has not been classified. Balkan (1968, p. 7) is of the opinion that between the king and the people there was a stratum of nobles, who mostly belonged to the royal family or the palace. Maps are essential for any serious Bible study. Diakonoff, Warminster, 1982, pp. In the early 1st millennium BCE the countryside has become increasingly tribal and hostile towards the Babylonian temple cities (see Edens, 1994, pp. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Kassites like never before. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. 17385, Schneider, Bernhard. However, Huber (1999-2000, p. 289b) doubts the mere three-year interval. Their empire, which lasted from the 20th to the seventh centuries B.C., was centered on the cities of Assur, Nineveh and Arbela in what is now northern Iraq. Mu-s-Sa Dates in the Kassite Period. Die Welt Des Orients, vol. The Bible, however, distinguishes the Havilah that serves as one of the boundaries of Ishmaelite territory from all other places named Havilah, with the qualifying phrase "by Shur, which is close to Egypt" (Gen. 25:18). ), in O. Lipschits and J. Blenkinsopp, eds., Judah and Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Winona Lake, 2003, pp. The earliest occurrence of an individual with a Kassite name in Babylonia is from Rm-Sn Is 53rd year (1770 BCE). Mesopotamian History and Gasche et al. (2012). C. Edens, On the Complexity of Complex Societies: Structure, Power, and Legitimation in Kassite Babylonia, in G. Stein and M. S. Rothman eds., Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity, Monographs in World Archaeology 18, Madison, Wis, 1994, pp. This garden was cited as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by the historian Herodotus. 125-145, Potts, Daniel T. (1999). 124, no. Five prominent individuals and several places in Inner Media had Kassite names. M. Van De Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. P. Huber, P. Review of Gasche et al., Fall of Babylon, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46-47, 1999-2000, pp. 15-26. They were divided into three main tribes, the Bit-Dakkuri, the Bit-Amukani, and the Bit-Jakin, against whom the Assyrians waged war in the ninth century B.C. Kassites played a central role in the military. 131 f.). Katiliau of Terqa was probably a contemporary of Abi-euh (1711-1684 BCE; see Podany, 2002, pp. This proves that the early Kassite state was able to assign large resources for huge projects. How does violence against the family pet affect the family? There were nearly thirty rulers who controlled Babylon under the reign of the Kassites, and they started with Agum II and ended with Enlil-nadin-ahi. Many Old Babylonian terms for functionaries do not continue. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. When Burnaburia II died, his son Kara-harda succeeded him but was assassinated in a rebellion (1328 BCE). Our collection of maps are simple and they are free. Elam is recorded in history at the time of Sagron of Akkad around 2300 BC where it is listed on the Bible Timeline. There is a radical change of the administrative terminology. The Kassites ( / ksats /) were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1595 BC and until c. 1155 BC ( middle chronology ). 925, Yaln, Serdar. Where did the Kassite people originally come from? 113-118. Easily See 6017 Years of Biblical and World History Together! Babylonian wealth and influence at this time is reflected in the use of the cuneiform script and the Babylonian language as the main form of diplomatic communication. The archive originates, not from the temple, but from the palace of the governor (andabakku, Sumerian U.EN.NA) of Nippur (see Balkan, 1986, p. 8). Kassites are recorded in Media during the first half of the first millennium BCE (see Zadok, 2002, pp. Important sources for reconstructing the Kassite Dynasty are kudurrus. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Clayden, Tim. I. M. Diakonoff and S. M. Kashkai, Geographical Names According to Urartian Texts, Rpertoire Gographique des Textes Cuniformes 9, Wiesbaden, 1979. del Monte and Tischler, 1978, p. 344; Belmonte Marn, 2001, pp. After this point, the Kassites had faded into obscurity. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Detail, facade of Inanna's Temple at Uruk, Kassite, 15th century BCE. 91-113. There is good reason for thinking that the Kassites were once neighbors of Indo-Europeans, in view of some affinities between their pantheon and the Indo-Aryan one (see Bloomfield, 1904; Balkan, 1986, p. 8; Eilers, 1957-58, p. 136 ad srya-). There is only soft evidence about whether or not the Habiru are actually the Hebrews. The texts are unclear about who the Apiru/Hapiru/Habiru people are. 421 f.). 11, No. The Babylonian Kudurru Inscriptions and their Legal and Sociohistorical Implications". [25] As the Babylonian empire weakened in the following years the Kassites became a part of the landscape, even at times supplying troops for Babylon. How Long Was Joseph In Potiphars House? Volume 1 Kardunia. Some Assyrian sources call the Babylonian ruler king of the Kassites.. [58] The seals were generally made of stone, glass, or clay. Kassite period. 95102, O. R. Gurney, Texts from Dur-Kurigalzu, Iraq, vol. A general or Prince called Tuthmoses (later just Moses) whose adopted mother named him after herself, Ahmose was Pharoah of Egypt with his adopted mother mother for a time and may have even been Pharoah by himself as Ahmose I. Ahmose II was most likely the Pharoah of the Exodus. The problem is that there are several places called Ur. Idem, Foreign Relations of Babylonia from 1600 to 625 B.C. 2. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Babylonia and the Bible, Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception, Vol 3. 45-52. [44][45], Note that the relative order of Kadashman-Turgu and Kadashman-Enlil II have been questioned. 164 f.) and Hatti. The Hittites had carried off the idol of the god Marduk, but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite Shuqamuna. 9 f.) thinks that the governor of Nippur was the head of the Babylonian aristocrats, but his suggestion, namely, that in the personality of the governor of Nippur was manifested to a certain degree the personality of a second king, cannot be substantiated. 1499 BCE. Ancient Babylon was an influential city that served as a center of Mesopotamian civilization for nearly two millennia, from roughly 2000 B.C. The Assyrians were one of the great powers of ancient Mesopotamia, rivals of the Babylonians. They are well represented among the great landowners. In tablet #149, Abi-Milku praises Pharaoh and compares him to Sun god. Tukulti-Ninurta I, who pursued an Assyrian expansionist policy, invaded Babylonia and deposed Katilia IV (1227-20 BCE), whom he took as prisoner to Assur. how much did lawrence welk band members make; walmart distribution center pedricktown, nj 08067; smoked coffee beans on pellet smoker; power xl air fryer turn off beeping (1998, p. 83) advocate a lower chronology, thereby narrowing the gap between the end of the Old Babylonian period and, ca. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. J. Boese, Burnaburia II, Meliipak und die mittelbabylonische Chronologie, Ugarit Forschungen 14, 1982, pp. The name Cushan is considered a translation for Kassite or northwest Mesopotamia. diss., Columbia University, 2002. Most of the Kassite kings ruled on an average of 17 to 20 years. [48], It has been suggested that several Kassite leaders bore Indo-European names, and they might have had an Indo-European elite similar to the Mitanni. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. "New Light on Dilbat: Kassite Building Activities on the Ura Temple E-Ibbi-Anum at Tell al-Deylam" Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archologie, vol. : Die Kassiten, in K. Bartl, R. Bernbeck, and M. Heinz, eds., Zwischen Euphrat und Indus. and debt slaves, thereby containing internal inequalities of wealth and legal status (slave-free continuum: see Brinkman, 1982). This article is available in print.Vol. A. It is likely that the already troublesome environment of the land assisted the Israelites in their task of taking over the land. His body was never found and also coincidentally there was no chariots available for other wars for quite a while after that. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [22] After the Kassite dynasty was overthrown in 1155 BC, the system of provincial administration continued and the country remained united under the succeeding rule, the Second Dynasty of Isin.[23]. Unfortunately the tablet containing the list is fragmentary. B. Landsberger, Assyrische Knigsliste und dunkles Zeitalter, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 8, 1954, pp. 45363, Koppen, Frans van. The Kassites first appear as a political factor in Babylonia in 1742 (or 1741) BCE, when they were opposed by both Samsiluna and Rm-Sn Is (see Stol, 1975, pp. Abraham was from the city of Ur according to Genesis 11:31 above. to 540 B.C. . However, P. Huber (1999-2000) rejects the astronomical evidence adduced by Gurzadyan (in Gasche et al., 1998, pp. Kassites held important positions in the state sector as late as Nab-mukn-aplis reign (978-943 BCE). Its end is dated to 1150 BCE. Krishna was the father of Abraham (Brahma). I; Chronicles conserning early babylonian Studies in Eastern History, II. Qala'at al-Bahrain/2 The central monumental buildings. Recall that in the first five books of the Bible idolatry was a major issue. Dilmun (modern Bahrain) in the Persian Gulf was ruled by a Kassite governor. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Originally Published in 1962 Mesopotamian Motifs in the Early Chapters of Genesis By: E.A. Kassite period, 14th century BCE. The number of Kassite appellatives is restricted (slightly more than 60 vocables, mostly referring to colors, parts of the chariot, irrigation terms, plants, and titles). The Amarna letters, which were mostly written in the early to mid-13th century BCE, capture communication back and forth from Egyptian Ruler Amenophis III and his various loyal vassal-governors in the land of Canaan. The Hittites (/ h t a t s /) were an Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing first a kingdom in Kussara before 1750 BC, then the Kanesh or Nesha kingdom (ca. Very little is known of their language because of the lack of texts (only a few incomplete sentences have survived). Aktuelle Forschungsprobleme in der vorderasiatischen Archologie, Hildesheim, 1995, pp. All the Kassite rulers up to Katilya IV inclusive bore Kassite names, the only exception being Kudur-Enlil, whose first component is not originally Akkadian but Elamite (cf.
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