As far as we know, the book has always existed as a single collection, and it has always been called Isaiah. Outstanding chapters in Isaiah's predictions are 13, 14, and 47 with scattered references elsewhere (21:9, 39:1, 3, 6, 7; 43:14; 48: . If so, no miracles or prophecies are required to explain the mention of Cyrus in the Book of Isaiah: Chapter 45, where his name is mentioned, was originally written during the time of Cyrus's rule. Louis F. Hartman and Alexander A. Bosque de Palabras Thank you for your contribution to the community. - the incident has nothing to do with me; can I use this this way? . Cross posted at, @Henry - tense has nothing to do with it. By calling them cynics, it is not intended to be understood they are so named pejoratively just descriptively: if they were ever to be proved correct in their beliefs about the book of Isaiah they would not think they were insulting themselves to boast how very long they had been cynical about it. 4 Who has done this and carried it through, The superscription identifies Isaiah as the son of Amoz and his book as "the vision of Isaiah . And of whom hast thou been afraid or feared, that thou hast lied, and hast not remembered me, nor laid it to thy heart? In addition, there is no condemnation of idolatry amongst the Jews in the book of Esther either (about 480 to 475 BC), nor in the apocryphal writings between the Testaments. Does ZnSO4 + H2 at high pressure reverses to Zn + H2SO4? Sign up for the SearchIsaiah newsletter, you won't regret it. For your sake I will send to Babylon best preserved of all the biblical scrolls, and the only one that is Not very likely, I think. Isaiah 2:1 is written for a small section of the prophecy. I have a brother, and we were both adopted pretty much at birth, although we're not biologically related. In Judea: prophecy of Zephaniah, Jeremiah, Obadiah, and Habakkuk I am the Lord, who made all things, The idea of multiple authors of Isaiah began with Johann Doederlein, professor of theology at Jena, a rationalist who lived in the "Age of Enlightenment", and who died over 150 years before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Book of Isaiah, also spelled Isaias, one of the major prophetical writings of the Old Testament. The Book of Isaiah can be divided into (at least) 3 sections--one of the most popular descriptions is: The Assyria section . Most significantly there are three prisms in which Sennacharib relates his attacks on Judaea from 704 to 681 BC (Google "Sennacharib's Annals"). I know what you're going to go through. Article Title: Isaiah Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/religious-figures/isaiah, Publisher: A&E; Television Networks, Last Updated: August 14, 2019, Original Published Date: April 2, 2014. I call you by your name, Ch 2: Israel Forsakes God Ch 3:6 Unfaithful Israel In the Bible, Isaiah 13:1. says, "The burden against Babylon which Isaiah the son of Amoz saw.". They both lived in the 6th century BC. them. For Isa 41,2-3. 1:11 and 1:14 with 43:24; @FelixGoldberg: He mentions Nicolaus only because he was a close friend of Herod (and, in one place, to criticize him for writing so uncritically about his subject); but after all it's not a modern textbook where the source of every statement has to be given. The Two books are written almost entirely in Hebrew poetry and they are joined by a few historical chapters (36-39) written mostly in prose. When Cyrus issued his decree for them to return the Jews knew that the prophets of Baal and Molech had never predicted these things, but Isaiah, the prophet of the LORD God of their forefathers, had. Is the Book of Isaiah Historical Fiction? Study Guide, WhenJesuscame to the Americas after His death andResurrection, He quoted from the scriptures, but of, I fell in love with this book nearly as soon as I picked it up, Stay up to date with the latest news, fulfilled prophecies, and study tips. It is peculiar that anyone living in our century should think the name "Cyrus" could not have been written 700 BC but must have been written after he became king of Persia. This is a time jump of approximately 150 years; the city of Jerusalem has already been destroyed and the people are living in captivity. And the residue thereof he maketh a god, even his graven image: he falleth down unto it, and worshippeth it, and prayeth unto it, and saith, Deliver me; for thou art my god. 12 Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great, and he shall divide the spoil with the strong; because he hath poured out his soul unto death: and he was numbered with the transgressors; and he bare the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors. Purpose of Writing: The Prophet Isaiah was primarily called to prophesy to the Kingdom of Judah. for he was cut off out of the land of the living: for the transgression of my people was he stricken. The Achaemenid kings are well documented historically. Indeed many think there were three parts, chapters 1-39, 40-55, and 56-65, written at different times and probably by different people. was isaiah written before daniel. Inicio; Nota Biografica; Obra; Blogs. We have therefore the question "Is there any evidence that the book of Isaiah was written before Cyrus?" The destruction of Jerusalem and the Babylonian exile took place in the sixth century, but in chapters 4055, Isaiah speaks about these events as though theyve already happened. Batch split images vertically in half, sequentially numbering the output files. It was not done just to impress: the prediction was given so that the Jews would not return to Baal or Molech or to their idols, but they would return to the Lord their God. Speak tenderly to Jerusalem, "To the Hebrews, written from Rome by Paul to those in Jerusalem". By deleting a highly probable eventuality, even if not strictly demonstrable, it is possible that the scribes may have read to Cyrus a Greek translation of the prophecies of Isaiah, making some Hebrew form as "Adon Mashiyah" (Anointed Lord) with "Kristo Kyros", instead of "Kristo Kyrios", just to get the favor of the Persian emperor. He feedeth on ashes: a deceived heart hath turned him aside, that he cannot deliver his soul, nor say, Is there not a lie in my right hand? Why? :-). They will bring them, as the Israelites bring their grain offerings, to the temple of the Lord in ceremonially clean vessels. Isaiah 66:20. @Henry - Indeed. A. What is the point of Thrower's Bandolier? God punished the Jews for their sin, but God brought them to repentance and restoration. After 39 chapters of prose, the next 27 chapters are poetry. The conversion from idolatry, the liberation of the people and the return of the exiles are guided by a mysterious character, sometimes identified as a humble Servant and sometimes as anointed Lord. Its also possible that his original writings were expanded on by later priests living during and after the exile. saying of Jerusalem, She shall be built, The concept is similar but distinct from postdiction, where prophecies that were genuinely written or spoken before the event are reinterpreted after the event to fit the facts as they occurred. http://biblechronologybooks.com/scientificmethod.html http://biblechronologybooks.com/hebrewkings.html. Born and raised in Portland, Oregon, I'm half Italian, half African-American. Purpose of Writing: In 605 B.C., Nebuchadnezzar King of Babylon had conquered Judah and deported many of its inhabitants to Babylon - Daniel included. Got any scholarly links for this stuff (particularly the second to the last paragraph)? Get updates from Zondervan Academic directly in your inbox. The purpose for this prediction of Cyrus is given in chapter 48. and to whom hath the arm of the Lord been out the tongue? Isaiah was best known as the Hebrew prophet who predicted the coming of Jesus Christ to salvage mankind from sin. the whore. idolatry. Of course I'll try to apologise if what I wrote provoked anything other but thoughts. From what I've been able to dig up, the standard scholarly opinion is now that the material from Isaiah was from three different groups of sources, compiled roughly at three different times. So our oldest extant copy of Isaiah dates to a much later period than that of Cyrus. Oh, and at the time Isaiah was written, they absolutely had a work for ball or globe. Isaiah, called the prince of the prophets, wrote with exceptional beauty and imagery. calling him in righteousness(H) to his service[a]? That the saying of Esaias the prophet might be fulfilled, which he spake, Lord, Isaiah was the great forerunner of the writers. Because Isaiah 40-66 contains Chapter 53, one of the most breathtaking prophecies in the whole of the Old Testament. and Israel my chosen, @user438 The hypothesis that prophecies generally don't work isn't assumed totally. Isaiah wrote some of the book, but the writings of others were added by redactors/editors sometime before the Great Isaiah Scroll was written about 125 BC. "Behold, it is written before me: I will not keep silence without having recompensed, and I will recompense into their bosom. "What value would such a scroll have, and why would the Jews of old have had any reverence for their holy writings, if such a cavalier attitude existed towards their prophetic writings"? There are no Greek loan words and only one Persian. While scholars disagree about exactly how to interpret the signs of multiple authors, theres a common thread: the prophet Isaiah wrote the book of Isaiahwith help. double for all her sins. Isaiah 40:12. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. For example:-, I am the Lord: that is my name: and my glory will I not give to another, neither my praise to graven images. There are very few foreign loan words in the Hebrew of either 1-39 or 40-66. The second Isaiah section, Deutero-Isaiah, was likely written by an anonymous writer (or writers) in the Sixth century BCE when the Jewish people were in exile. There was intermarriage with foreign women of idolatrous background; For example, Christian gospel "may" have predicted fall of Jerusalem before 70 AD. The above 7 points I have summarised mostly from Gleason Archer's book "A Survey of Old Testament Introduction". Unanimous suggests not anonymous. Scholars generally divide Isaiah into three distinct sections based on the changes in the timeline, assuming that there were at least three authors. The lack of flow, and poor writing, is all mine, my aim being to try to be brief; the ideas are mainly his. eballerina96. Is it plausible for constructed languages to be used to affect thought and control or mold people towards desired outcomes? Two hundred years ago, none of the major historians, Herodotus and Xenophon included, had any clue as to who Sargon was. Scholars believe that the prophet Isaiah was a real, historical person who lived during the eighth century, when many of the events recorded in Isaiah historically took place. Modern scholars argue that the book of Isaiah is a collection of writings by various anonymous writers whose writings have been added over the centuries following the time of Isaiah. Menu In the chapters X and XI the subject is in fact addressed in a spiritual dimension (the remnant of Jacob will be converted to the Powerful God) with clear eschatological values (in messianic times of peace and justice even the wolf and the lamb will dwell together) and with an eager anticipation of real and imminent historical developments (redemption of the distant, collection of the exiles and the return of the missing). Neque enim Kyrio, quod Dominum sonat, sed Cyro dicitur, here Hebraice appellatur Khores, regi Persarum, here Babylonem Chaldaeosque superavit. And you are right about two things: 1. the etymology and prior usage of the word, 2. comments are not for prolonged discussions (although this one was nice). They have not known nor understood: for he hath shut their eyes, that they cannot see; and their hearts, that they cannot understand. there was oppression of the poor by the rich; there was desecration of the . Cynics claim this section must have been written once Cyrus has become King of Persia or around that time or afterwards, and that the Jews have dishonestly pretended this is prophecy when in fact it wasn't. . After the captivity the Jews were exceedingly careful not to worship the idols of the surrounding nations. After the defeat of Sennacherib under the walls of Jerusalem (chapter 37) and the miraculous healing of King Hezekiah (chapter 38), the so-called Deutero and Trito Isaia (chapters 40-66) seem to proceed without interruption, announcing a period of promises and consolations for all of Israel. Prophetic visions transcend boundaries of time, space and. Place or time information is completely missing. This point is actually touched upon in Talmudic sources, and is readily apparent to the careful reader of our contemporary "books" in many places, particularly when read in the original Hebrew. Whybray: "The Second Isaiah", JSOT Press: Sheffield, 1983. Assardhon then ordered the reconstruction of Babylon but Assurbanipal subdued it again (648), after looting Thebes (665) and before destroying Susa (639). Test. God has failed, but I want you to know that this God who delivered Jerusalem from Sennacherib is the same God who can deliver you from Babylon. I think that's why it has this unusual shape.. Moreover, the practice of subjecting Jewish prophetic literature to foreign kings is in line with all Jewish tradition. Before 687BC. ), During this period Judah became the sovereign nation of Israel: The Maccabean Revolt 167 to 160 BC. I thank all those who have read this so far, and ask you a few closing questions. This shall you have of my hand: you shall lie down in sorrow. was isaiah written before daniel. However, I do believe that all that is in the book originated with Isaiah and probably that his disciples then were the ones who collected what he said and commented on and put it in its present form. Dr. Why are there so few prophesies in the Old Testament compared to what there could have been? The drama of the Assyrian deportations is confirmed by the symbolic name of the firstborn of Isaiah: in Hebrew Seariasub (Isaiah 7,3) it means "a rest will return", with evident allusion to the next exile and the subsequent conversion of Israel. The Persian king Cyrus, enlightened sovereign and lover of art and culture, almost certainly knew parts of the book of Isaiah in some ancient language and, according to the authoritative testimony of the historian Flavius Joseph, he read the prophecies concerning him astonished, he meditated for a long time on these and matured the decision to free the Jewish people from the Babylonian captivity (Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, XI, 5-7), perhaps grateful to the God of the Jews for so much honor received (Josephus, The Jewish War, V, 389) . In chapter 56, Isaiah jumps ahead again, to a time when the second temple is at least under construction. Some later readers may have decided otherwise, but such interpretations are not more in the biblical context than the 19th century revival of the Flat Earth theory. The Old Testament knows nothing of anonymous prophets. Scrolls discovered in Qumran in 1947. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,.css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}contact us! Born in Jerusalem, Israel, he was said to have found his calling as a prophet when he saw a vision in the year of King Uzziahs death. in Hebrew is also rendered Tartan in the JPS version or, Oh. So the Romans used each Sabbath day to build the siegeworks and do all sorts of things which greatly helped them to conquer Jerusalem! 1:20 and 40:5, 58:14; the violence of war. The Great Isaiah Scroll, containing Isaiah Chapter 53, is dated to about 125 BC, over 100 years before the time of Christ: 53 Who hath believed our report? @FelixGoldberg That he didn't have independent sources is itself an assumption, and not a very well supported one. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. It is assumed that Isaiah arranged his writings into their present order, although a scribe or disciple may have done so. It seems to me it comes down to what you believe is true. and subdues kings before him. You may unsubscribe from these email communications at any time. to open doors before him .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}Pope Benedict XVI. Flashcards. and the hoards in secret places, The Bible has had various people duplicated. Is there any evidence that the book of Isaiah was written before Cyrus? por | Jun 14, 2022 | jacksonville housing authority portal | radford job level guide | Jun 14, 2022 | jacksonville housing authority portal | radford job level guide Would anyone? It is said the style of 1-39 and 40-66 is different. The text is written so as to appear that the prophecy had taken place before the event, when in fact it was written after the events supposedly predicted. Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Isaiah, Birth City: Jerusalem, Birth Country: Israel. Isaiah prophesized the coming of the Messiah Jesus Christ. Note that in Jewish scripture, Daniel is not considered a prophet and is not included among the prophetic books. 1. Does a summoned creature play immediately after being summoned by a ready action? Is there a solution to add special characters from software and how to do it. On the Sabbath day the Jews would only fight the Romans if the Romans were trying to kill them. The book of Obadiah has only 21 verses yet we are told who wrote them. your Redeemer, the Holy One of Israel: Story of Esther, (535 BC: First portion of Ezra; 515 BC: Second portion of Ezra and Haggai and Zecharia; Joel possibly some time later; 474 BC: Esther; 450 BC: Remainder of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Malachi. This was the time between the first victories of Cyrus, which gave an indication of the collapse of the Babylonian empire, and the liberation edict of 538 BC, which then allowed the Israelites to return to Palestine, that is to Yehud. Most scholars agree that the prophet Isaiah likely only wrote a portion of the book, but recent scholarship also argues that even the portions he didnt physically write originated with him in some form. Passages from both collections are recorded by various Book of Mormon writers Victor L. Ludlow,Unlocking Isaiah, pp.56, Since Isaiahs ministry was centered in Jerusalem, this is the most likely location of the books origin.ibid. History Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for historians and history buffs. they did not obey his law. You have entered an incorrect email address! Isaiah lived about 700 years before the birth of Jesus Christ. The book of Isaiah provides us with the most comprehensive prophetic picture of Jesus Christ in the entire Old Testament. version of the biblical Book of Isaiah. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. Upon a lofty and high mountain hast thou set thy bed: even thither wentest thou up to offer sacrifice. By inspiration, he knows that Judah will be exiled as well. Answer (1 of 4): The answer is not as simple or linear as hoped. 6 Behold, it is written before Me: I will not keep silent, but I will repay; I will pay it back into their laps, 7 both for your iniquities and for those of your fathers," says the LORD. That the activity of Deutero-Isaiah falls into the final phase of exile can be substantiated: against whom make ye a wide mouth, and draw Judgments and Promises 5 They say, 'Keep to yourself; do not come near me, for I am holier than you!' Such people are smoke in My nostrils, a fire that burns all day long. It is claimed that no where does the name Isaiah appear in 40-66, the section with prophesies concerning Babylon. Isaiah 42 appears to speak of the destruction of Israel as an event in the past: Who handed Jacob over to become loot, ", It is not a prophesy as it was written in the past tense. "The oracle concerning Babylon which Isaiah the son of Amoz saw." (Isaiah 5:21), Behold, all ye that kindle a fire, that compass yourselves about with sparks: walk in the light of your fire, and in the sparks that you have kindled. Among the smooth stones of the stream is thy portion; they, they are thy lot: even to them hast thou poured a drink offering, thou hast offered a meat offering. 11:2 and 61:1; If you know Luther, you know table talk, his comments sitting at table that were collected together. This was foretold by Isaiah one hundred and forty years before the temple was demolished. The rest of the book is the work of numerous disciples who lived over the next 400 years or so. Does Counterspell prevent from any further spells being cast on a given turn? The next manuscript is Miniscule 104 from the 11th century which claims, "To the Hebrews, written in Hebrew from Italy anonymously by Timothy"(! First of all, biblical scholars have established there were actually three authors of the Book of Isaiah. was isaiah written before daniel. Flashcards. Its a single scroll from end to end, with no divisions or signals from a copyist that there is some sort of change between chapter 39 and 40. that her hard service has been completed, Is there any research explicitly contradicting facts in Suvorov's "Icebreaker" book series claiming that Stalin intended to attack Hitler in 1941? It only takes a minute to sign up. 3 He is despised and rejected of men; a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief: and we hid as it were our faces from him; he was despised, and we esteemed him not. Also the bit about divine inspiration might derail the topic and start an opinion based debate. 14:27 and 43:13; But, actually, Isaiah. Such a belief is cynical, attributing to either the original author or the compilers of the final version a dishonest purpose - to try to produce a document which looks as if the Isaiah of 700 BC was predicting the name of a man who became king of Persia 559 BC and fulfilled some of the prophecy around 539 BC, namely Cyrus. This is a basic principle for dating passages in biblical scholarship. Why do small African island nations perform better than African continental nations, considering democracy and human development? This fact is recognized by the various New Testament writers, who quoted Isaiah more than 90 times. during the time of the Seleucid dynasty. Disciples living during the exile continued expanding Isaiahs writing. translations. In my view, all of the above points 1 to 8 are accumulative evidence that the whole of chapters 44-66, along with the word "Cyrus" in 44:28 and 45:1, was written at the same time as 1-39, before the Babylonian Captivity, which started about 605 BC. Is it possible to create a concave light? Isaiahs writings divide easily into two main collections or books of prophecies: The Two books are written almost entirely in Hebrew poetry and they are joined by a few historical chapters(3639) written mostly inprose. How do you get out of a corner when plotting yourself into a corner, Below is a list of all the prophetic books of the Old Testament where the author is anonymous:-, Though many readers might not value its witness, the New Testament in many places attributes the whole of the book of Isaiah to the prophet Isaiah. God used him to uncover spiritual realities of his own time but also of the near and far future. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Isaiah, written?, Historical Backing for Isaiah?, Key Themes of Isaiah and more. The book of Malachi contains a list of sins into which his [Malachi's] Why would they have revered them so much if those same scriptures were messed about with so much as modern scholars say they were? As it stands, you might as well have just answered "Yes". He creates moods, evocative scenes, and atmospheres, as poetry does. John Oswalt. Presumably, Isaiah (proto-Isaiah) wrote chapters 139, an anonymous author living during the exile (deutero-Isaiah) wrote 4055, and another anonymous author living after the exile (trito-Isaiah) wrote 5666. Nothing will be left, says the Lord. Enhance your schools traditional and online education programs by easily integrating online courses developed from the scholars and textbooks you trust. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. The only possible conclusion to draw is that It is necessary, however, to take into account the fact that the original Hebrew text was irretrievably lost, Aquila, Tivatzione and Simmaco used "Kuro" in open dispute with the Christians, the testimony of Gerolamo dates back to the IV century after Christ and the Masoretic text stabilized only towards the 10th century. Match. One of his predictions was about the city Babylon. Scholars date the scroll of Isaiah to at least 150 years before Jesus ever walked the face of the Earth. All Rights Reserved. See: Who says Jesus couldnt predict the fall of Jerusalem. At the time of Isaiah's prediction, Babylon was one of the largest and most important cities in the world. and proclaim to her prophecy of Jonah[1] during the time of Babylonian captivity, though dating of the book ranges from the 6th to the late 3rd century BC. Learn. Tartan was a military term in the Assyrian Army and was the highest position in the Army under the King himself. In fact, just starting from the testimony of Jerome, some scholars, not at all convinced by the questionable thesis of the "hebraica veritas", came to think that "Kristo Kyros" may have been the Greek translation, astutely proposed to Emperor Cyrus, of some pre-and-other Hebrew form, such as "Adon Mashiyah" (Anointed Lord), or "Melek Mashiyah" (Anointed King) or even "Nagid Mashiyah" (Anointed Prince of Daniel 9.25) or "Kawtsin Mashiyah" (Anointed Conductor of Daniel 11, 18) or even "Yahveh Mashiyah" (anointed of the Lord of 1 Samuel 16,6-26,9 and 2 Samuel 1,14-1,16). But as for the book of Isaiah there is unanimous agreement in every ancient Old Testament version that Isaiah wrote the whole of the book of Isaiah. perfect, So as to say of Jerusalem, Thou art built, And of the temple, We need to make a comparison between the three prophets, Isaiah, Daniel, and Zechariah, in two matters: in God's economy toward His chosen people and in Christ for the people of His concern. Isaiah lived about 700 years before the birth of Jesus Christ. And it is in 1-39 that the destruction of Babylon by the Medes is prophesied (Isaiah 13:17). There are similarities of expression found in both 1-39 and 40-66. Cyrus (580-529 BC) was the first Achaemenid Emperor, Who says Jesus couldnt predict the fall of Jerusalem, judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/31318/, skeptics.stackexchange.com/questions/17871/, Its Difficult to Make Predictions, Especially About the Future, http://biblechronologybooks.com/scientificmethod.html, http://biblechronologybooks.com/hebrewkings.html, http://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/579794/jewish/Haftorah-in-a-Nutshell.htm, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. He hands nations over to him The Southern Kingdom of Judah managed to last about 340 years before the Babylonian captivity. "Cyrus" is in 44:28 and 45:1 because God is gracious and kind towards his people. . There are numerous challenges in the Book of Isaiah that lead scholars to speculate about which parts were written by Isaiah himself, and what else was added and by whom. The earliest manuscript we have of the Book of Isaiah is The Great Isaiah Scroll: The Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa) is one of the original seven Dead Sea Most remarkable, however, are the prophecies of Isaiah delivered a century before Babylon had risen to power and recorded at a time when Babylon was still in obscurity with no indication of its coming greatness. Is everyone a gullible fool except the modern scholar? ), during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, and Manasseh of the Southern Kingdom of Judah.. But then the timeline appears to skip ahead about 150 years. I'm not at all sure that Isaiah himself wrote the book as we have it.
Operations And Safety Procedures Guide For Helicopter Pilots,
Articles W
