J Med Food. 2006;79:13140. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. 2012;21:6209. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Annu Rev Physiol. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Zhang et al. Google Scholar. 2001;93:2037. 2010;1347:17985. 2015;148:150. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . 2013;73:4737. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. Brain Res. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). 2009;27:556572. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. 2013;89:11007. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. 2014;90:2935. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. Thus, Cosquer et al. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. & Hu, XJ. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Cookies policy. 2009;4:e4389. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. 2013;42:428. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. 2012;112:1715. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. PubMed Central . Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. 2014;9:e95503. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Article The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. CAS 2005;161:3314. Radiat Res. Mack et al. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Neuroreport. Curr Opin Neurobiol. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. 2013;5:5500110. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Brain Res. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. 1975;148:1723. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. P Nat Acad. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. 1999;9:3438. Mil Med Sci. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. 2 Researchers have been working. 2002;64:31353. 1999;4:102. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Verma et al. Trends Cell Biol. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Mortazavi et al. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. 2012;62:22336. Biomed Environ Sci. CAS Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. Suhhova et al. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. Phot J. 1999;75:44756. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Int J Radiat Biol. California Privacy Statement, Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Neuroscience. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. Interphone study group. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Surg Neurol. as it have a harmful side. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. 2007;96:218196. Sci Total Environ. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. Cobb et al. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. statement and Int J Epidemiol. Arch Environ Health. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. Biomed Environ Sci. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. CAS Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Yale J Biol Med. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Article . J Neuro-Oncol. Toxicol Sci. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. 2016;397:2239. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Motawi et al. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. 1984;4:285665. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Dasdag et al. [42] found similar results. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. daily life. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 2008;86:718. However, Li et al. Nat Med. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Bioelectromagnetics. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Wang et al. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Othman et al. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. Google Scholar. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory.
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