why was henry vii called the winter king

At any rate, the Wars of the Roses had ended with a victory by which the winner took all, and regardless of his somewhat dubious Plantagenet ancestry. He is credited with many administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives. Henry the eighth was a renaissance King. Present were exiles from Richards court, friends of Edward IVths queen, but King Richard was able to bribe the ageing Duke of Brittany to relinquish Henry in return for funds to fight an increasingly hostile French king, whereupon Henry Tudor flew to the French court for sanctuary. For instance, except for the first few months of the reign, the Baron Dynham and the Earl of Surrey were the only Lord High Treasurers throughout his reign. Categories: Monarchy, NewsTags: birth of Tudor dynasty, Henry Tudor, Henry VII, Thomas Penn, Tudor dynasty, Winter King, Copyright 2023 The Anne Boleyn Files When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. Thus, the two warring houses were joined in marriage. Through luck, guile, and ruthlessness, Henry VII, the first of the Tudor kings, emerged as rulerbut as a fugitive with a flimsy claim to England's throne, he remained a usurper and false king to many, and his hold on power was precarious. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign. Castles of . Overspending by Henry VIII to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund foreign wars with France and Scotland are cited as . [citation needed], After 1503, records show the Tower of London was never again used as a royal residence by Henry VII, and all royal births under Henry VIII took place in palaces. ||sitemap_index.xml [44] Following Henry VII's death, Henry VIII executed Richard Empson and Edmund Dudley, his two most hated tax collectors, on trumped-up charges of treason. In 1502 the death of his heir Arthur left the dynasty's prospects with Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry. The Treaty of Redon was signed in February 1489 between Henry and representatives of Brittany. It was the end of the union of Lancaster and York and many had only accepted Henry as King because of his wifes Yorkist roots, so Henry was once more on shaky ground with his old enemies resurfacing and raising armies. [79], Amiable and high-spirited, Henry was friendly if dignified in manner, and it was clear that he was extremely intelligent. [citation needed], Henry began taking precautions against rebellion while still in Leicester after Bosworth Field. Henrys Chamber Accounts show payment to strangers and people across the sea, who appear to have been part of a network of spies and informers who kept an eye on potential troublemakers and alerted the King. Why is this ambitious? [21], Henry devised a plan to seize the throne by engaging Richard quickly because Richard had reinforcements in Nottingham and Leicester. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-VII-king-of-England, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Henry VII, English Monarchs - Biography of Henry VII, Henry VII - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry VII - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). He had brought the country to the brink of dynastic ambition, but not quite, so his closest advisers kept his death secret until St Georges Day, the annual meeting of the Order of the Garter. According to John M. Currin, the treaty redefined Anglo-Breton relations. The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. France, Burgundy, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Hanseatic League all rejected the treaty, which was never in force. [59][60][61], He was content to allow the nobles their regional influence if they were loyal to him. In 1407, Henry IV, Gaunt's son by his first wife, issued new Letters Patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings but also declaring them ineligible for the throne. Thomas Penns Winter King in a brilliant mash-up of gothic horror and political biography. Edmund was created Earl of Richmond in 1452, and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament". He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), Queen Joanna of Castile, and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered. He took care not to address the baronage or summon Parliament until after his coronation, which took place in Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485. [55] Since alum was mined in only one area in Europe (Tolfa, Italy), it was a scarce commodity and therefore especially valuable to its land holder, the Pope. He spent money lavishly, held big parties. [77][78] His mother died two months later on 29 June 1509. Through luck, guile and ruthlessness, Henry VII, the first of the Tudor kings, had clambered to the top of the heap--a fugitive with a flimsy claim to England's throne. The dispute eventually paid off for Henry. [citation needed] Henry had been under the financial and physical protection of the French throne or its vassals for most of his life before becoming king. The union was both symbolic and necessary. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! More than a biography of Henry VII, this book is really a highly detailed history of the last ten years of his reign, and how he meticulously and ruthlessly turned England into a police state ruled by what amounted to an organized crime syndicate. Royal Collection Trust At the summit, even dinnerware testified to its owner's status. [9] He took it, as well as the standard of St. George, on his procession through London after the victory at Bosworth. He likens the beginning of Henry VIIIs reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. The Great Debasement (1544-1551) was a currency debasement policy introduced in 1544 England under the order of Henry VIII which saw the amount of precious metal in gold and silver coins reduced and in some cases replaced entirely with cheaper base metals such as copper. Even if the king outfaced his enemies in his lifetime, would they not forestall a Tudor succession? In 1497 Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, but was soon captured and executed. Through this, he found that his Lord Chamberlain, Sir William Stanley, was involved in the plot. His host was Francis, the Duke of Brittany, who saw Henry Tudor as a pawn in the game between Edward VI and the King of France. Together, they had seven children. [35] In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. Henry VII's reign has yielded an evocative study, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, ILLUSTRATION: CLIFFORD HARPER/AGRAPHIA.CO.UK. It was presented by historian Thomas Penn, author of Winter King and was an excellent examination of the King who, as Penn pointed out, tend to be eclipsed by Richard III, the glamour and notoriety of Henry VIII and the charisma of Elizabeth I. The research was thorough and it was presented well and kept me engaged. [43] According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple "greed" underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years. At Rennes Cathedral on Christmas Day 1483, Henry pledged to marry Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of Edward IV. When they married in 1396 they already had four children, including Henry's great-grandfather John Beaufort. What old December's bareness every where! Iain Hollingshead reviews Henry VII: Winter King, a BBC Two documentary which examines how the first Tudor monarch came to power and went on to have a 23-year reign. Many influential Yorkists had been dispossessed and disappointed by the change of regime, and there had been so many reversals of fortune within living memory that the decision of Bosworth did not appear necessarily final. Swynford was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. Henry had only been accepted as King because the Princes in the Tower, the sons of Edward IV, were dead, so when Yorkist exiles groomed Perkin Warbeck to pose as one of the princes and raised an army it was a huge threat. Shakespeare, drawn to the colour on either side of the reign, skipped it. A King from upstart usurper to renaissance monarch to Machiavellian schemer. This approach raised puzzling questions about similarities and differences in the development of national states. Then in 1491 appeared a still more serious menace: Perkin Warbeck, coached by Margaret to impersonate Richard, the younger son of Edward IV. [6] Henry IV's action was of doubtful legality, as the Beauforts were previously legitimised by an Act of Parliament, but it weakened Henry's claim. Henry VII The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. [15], By 1483, Henry's mother was actively promoting him as an alternative to Richard III, despite her being married to Lord Stanley, a Yorkist. [39] Despite this, during his reign he became a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt exchequer. The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. (We certainly can, and do, decide what sort of king Henry was based on what he had his government get up to, however.). MP3 CD. He likens the beginning of Henry VIII's reign to a metaphorical spring, a second coming of sorts because Henry VIII seemed to be the opposite of his father. Their main aim was money. In 1837 Henry VIII's tomb was eventually marked in the chapel with a commemorative marble slab. For inheriting an unstable throne, holding it for 25 year and leaving England relatively stable, Henry VII deserves his own biography and a lot more credit. [10] A contemporary writer and Henry's biographer, Bernard Andr, also made much of Henry's Welsh descent. The fact that a Cockney could provide a recognisable representation of him gives away part of his enduring appeal; in national memory, Henry was one of the lads, the only English king to have. Henry VII: Winter King was aired last night on BBC2 and was the latest programme in BBC2s Tudor Court Season. Penn then went on to talk about the heir to the throne, the young Prince Henry, who seemed very different to the King. He spent his entire reign fixated on eliminating or disarming his enemies, and stabilizing England after the bloody, seemingly endless War of the Roses. Yet in the hands of a narrator as accomplished as Penn, the reign acquires its own, troubling fascination. The parts on how he abused his position and the law to enrich himself while an entire nation watched helplessly are, frankly, pretty relevant to now. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. He was the first Tudor king after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in August 1485. By 1500, Henry felt safer and things were looking good. How like a winter hath my absence been From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year! Still, as Penn observes, the national sense of relief in 1509 was palpable. Alternate titles: Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, Professor of Medieval History, University of Liverpool, 196780. Penn is not one to understate a case. You can find out more on the conflicts between England and France, the Wars of the Roses and also the Tudors in our history courses. The reigns of his three predecessors were interrupted or foreshortened. Henry's original head was cut out of the painting and replaced at some point after the work's creation. In that, he was quite successful, but he was neither loved nor admired. Possession of something the French King wanted also made the Duke of Brittany safer in his own duchy. The wedding was a triumph but in April 1502 a messenger brought the King the news that his eldest son had died of sweating sickness. [67], Henry made half-hearted plans to remarry and beget more heirs, but these never came to anything. The new prince was the embodiment of the red and white rose, he was the Tudor rose incarnate. He had unified the kingdom, accrued immense wealth and created the most notorious dynasty in English history: the Tudors. Elizabeth had died in childbirth, so Henry had the dispensation also permit him to marry Catherine himself. Warbeck won the support of Edward IV's sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy. [citation needed], Henry's most successful diplomatic achievement as regards the economy was the Magnus Intercursus ("great agreement") of 1496. I would read more by this author. [70] Henry VII falls among the minority of British monarchs that never had any known mistresses, and for the times, it is very unusual that he did not remarry: his son Henry was the only male heir left after the death of his wife, thus the death of Arthur created a precarious political position for the House of Tudor. They did as much to endanger his throne as to secure it. The marriage did not take place during his lifetime. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. It was really very well researched and painstakingly written. 4. [8], In 1456, Henry's father Edmund Tudor was captured while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the Yorkists. He had enough of that getting himself to the throne. [48], Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. On one side of the coin, instead of a profile of his face, there was a full length depiction of Henry sat on his throne with his crown and sceptre. Penn explained how Henry reworked recent events to suit him. Wales was historically a Lancastrian stronghold, and Henry owed the support he gathered to his Welsh birth and ancestry, being agnatically descended from Rhys ap Gruffydd. As we know, Henry VII was true to his word, married Elizabeth and they founded the Tudor dynasty between them. But that's not really what I wanted from a book about Henry VII. After winning the throne of England, he wed Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of the dead Yorkist king Edward IV. Henry VII was king of England from 1485 to 1509. All the powers of Europe doubted Henrys ability to survive, and most were willing to shelter claimants against him. His early reign was plagued by pretenders to the throne, giving the new Tudor dynasty a rocky start and a fear of conspiracy which dogged Henry VII throughout his life. If you are new the era, this wouldn't the first book I would pick up because it does flip flop around a bit in the beginning-but if you want to understand the players that ultimately have a significant impact on Henry VIII, this is the book for you. "[73] Further compounding Henry's distress, his older daughter Margaret had previously been betrothed to King James IV of Scotland and within months of her mother's death she had to be escorted to the border by her father: he would never see her again. Yorkist malcontents had strength in the north of England and in Ireland and had a powerful ally in Richard IIIs sister Margaret, dowager duchess of Burgundy. His first son and heir apparent, Arthur, Prince of Wales, died suddenly at Ludlow Castle, very likely from a viral respiratory illness known at the time as the "English sweating sickness". [a] Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. Some of them have more to say than Penn about the constructive sides of the reign, which developed the state-building methods of his Yorkist predecessors. [citation needed], All Acts of Parliament were overseen by the justices of the peace. The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. Dydd Gyl Dewi Hapus! He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. [51], Henry VII was one of the first European monarchs to recognise the importance of the newly united Spanish kingdom; he concluded the Treaty of Medina del Campo, by which his son Arthur, Prince of Wales, was married to Catherine of Aragon. He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of "retainers" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army. I wasn't disappointed because, as usual, he did a great job with the narration. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. However, this treaty came at a price, as Henry mounted a minor invasion of Brittany in November 1492. Having established his claim to be king in his own right, he married Elizabeth of York on January 18, 1486. The usual courts and justice system were totally circumvented, and there was no chance of appeal other than purchasing extremely high priced royal pardons. The rest, as we say, is history; Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth and Henry Tudor had arrived out of nowhere and avenged the death of the little princes in the tower, although there is some debate as to who was actually responsible for their murder. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He had gone from a refugee landing on an isolated beach in Wales to being a great king. He explained how Henry VII had achieved what he set out to do, he had passed on the crown successfully. His claim to the throne was tenuous and permanently contested. But, his enemies didnt agree. All the information is from Thomas Penn. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. Seriously, got nudged by my partner when I'd nodded off. Reading this, I got a much better understanding of where Henry VIII came from, and why he was destined to be the colorful ruler he became, as an antidote to his own father. To say the least, Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England is quite an interesting read. I couldn't even stay awake reading this. Henry, son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond, and Margaret Beaufort, was born nearly three months after his fathers death. Henry VII: The Winter King (95) 59min 2013 PG. In 1622 Francis Bacon published his History of the Reign of King Henry VII. When he died, his only surviving son, Henry VIII, succeeded him without a breath of opposition. Stanleys betrayal led to a complete security overhaul and his privy chamber going into lockdown. Henry VIII Books Exploring the Best Books on Englands Most Infamous King, 18 February 1516 The birth of Queen Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? These laws were used shrewdly in levying fines upon those that he perceived as threats. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. During Henry's early years, his uncle Henry VI was fighting against Edward IV, a member of the Yorkist Plantagenet branch. [31] Despite such precautions, Henry faced several rebellions over the next twelve years. Watch for $0.00 with Prime. His spies and informers were everywhere. Henry gained the support of the Woodvilles, in-laws of the late Edward IV, and sailed with a small French and Scottish force, landing at Mill Bay near Dale, Pembrokeshire. This book is a nonfiction look at King Henry the VII. The expressive and evocative power of his writing, and the union of scholarship with artistry, are rare in modern historical writing. Claiming to be Edward, earl of Warwick, the son of Richard IIIs elder brother, George, duke of Clarence, he had the formidable support of John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, Richard IIIs heir designate, of many Irish chieftains, and of 2,000 German mercenaries paid for by Margaret of Burgundy. This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers. Moneywise, King Henry the VII was frugal and careful with money. [14] In November 1476, Francis fell ill and his principal advisers were more amenable to negotiating with King Edward. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. The nobility was forced into bonds, legal agreements that they would act as the King wanted or be fined. While most of us are familiar with Henry VIII and Elizabeth I and we probably have a sense of the Wars of the Roses in England, but how many of us are familiar with Henry VII. This is why he named the book the Winter King. Henry came to the throne following the death of his father, Henry VII. After Edward retook the throne in 1471, Henry Tudor spent 14 years in exile in Brittany. Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimised Gaunt's children by Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. For him, it was never about glory and battle. [52] He also concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace with Scotland (the first treaty between England and Scotland for almost two centuries), which betrothed his daughter Margaret Tudor to King James IV of Scotland. [74] Margaret Tudor wrote letters to her father declaring her homesickness, but Henry could do nothing but mourn the loss of his family and honour the terms of the peace treaty he had agreed to with the King of Scotland. By the way, dont forget that Ian Mortimers Time Travellers Guide to Elizabethan England is on tonight on BBC2 at 9pm. Poor Henry VII. [citation needed], In 1506, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller Emery d'Amboise asked Henry VII to become the protector and patron of the Order, as he had an interest in the crusade. But now, sensitivity readers are pushing back . The king's own death seven years later had to be kept secret until his nervous entourage had ensured the succession. I thought the book was well written, even though a bit dry is spots. The 17 year-old Prince Henry became King Henry VIII and started a different era. Henry VII shut himself away in Richmond Palace from January 1509 and at 11pm on Saturday 21st April 1509 he died. He married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. Henry VII, also called (145785) Henry Tudor, earl of Richmond, (born January 28, 1457, Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Walesdied April 21, 1509, Richmond, Surrey, England), king of England (14851509), who succeeded in ending the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and founded the Tudor dynasty . [3] Henry's paternal grandfather, Owen Tudor, originally from the Tudors of Penmynydd, Isle of Anglesey in Wales, had been a page in the court of King Henry V. He rose to become one of the "Squires to the Body to the King" after military service at the Battle of Agincourt. He was a ruler to be feared, a ruler to be paid. Local gentry saw the office as one of local influence and prestige and were therefore willing to serve. More wrote that this King is loved and compared Henrys accession to the coming of a new season, a new spring following a winter of repression. Luther gained support for his ideas and Europe became . He passed laws against "livery" (the upper classes' flaunting of their adherents by giving them badges and emblems) and "maintenance" (the keeping of too many male "servants"). In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of. [citation needed] Henry also formed an alliance with Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (14931519) and persuaded Pope Innocent VIII to issue a papal bull of excommunication against all pretenders to Henry's throne. Much of the ruthless machinery of control was designed to deal with ongoing challenged like pretenders and Yorkist sleepers and expats. I had an idea Henry VII was a force for stability; in fact he was a terrifying kleptocrat, abusing the law with arbitrary fines and imprisonment, scheming to effectively steal entire estates and wring every penny out of subjects as well as impose political control through financial means. The insurrections fronted by the pretenders Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck emerged from wide and formidable networks of conspiracy that drew in foreign rulers and leading English magnates, and infiltrated Henry's court. The money so extracted added to the King's personal fortune rather than being used for the stated purpose. (1): (April 24, 1883. This is why he named the book the "Winter King". There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (mercenaries masquerading as servants). If you missed the programme then here is the YouTube video for you enjoy! Read all Directors Giulia Clark Stuart Elliott Writers 'Meeting between Francis I and Henry VIII at the Field of Cloth of Gold on 7 June 1520,' a painting by Friedrich August Bouterwek. Richard III's death at Bosworth Field effectively ended the Wars of the Roses. Author Thomas Penn takes an extraordinary journey into the dark and chilling world of the first Tudor King, Henry VII. The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. [50] Henry had pressured the French by laying siege to Boulogne in October 1492. Henry VIII Books livestream YouTube 18 February 2023, February 13 A queen and her lady-in-waiting are beheaded. Sometimes when reading nonfiction of this type, I never know if it is going to be dry and dull or not. Henry VII died on 21 April 1509, and the 17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king. After Wolf Hall, I wanted to find out about Henry VII, the lesser-studied father of Henry VIII, who founded the Tudor Dynasty. After his victory at Bosworth Field, Henry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York. Happy 14th Birthday to the Anne Boleyn Files! Henry VII was the founder of the Tudor dynasty and father of Henry VIII and Ive been doing a bit of digging on this lesser known Tudor.

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