1. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. Volume 52, Issue 3. The point of this chapter is neither to define the threshold level of effective state feminism nor to argue that state feminism actually delivers better than descriptive representation. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. What Are the Advantages of Qualitative Research? Tannen, D. (1994). With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). Between facts and norms. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. 2. In N. Fraser & A. Honneth (Eds. Descriptive research provides numerical descriptions that identify what the thing being studied looks like in terms of its size, location, and frequency. Norsk Statsvitenskaplig Tidsskrift, 13(3). 1. When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. Easy to set up, doesn't require extra space. The limitation that comes with statistics is that it can't allow you to make any sort of conclusions beyond the . The Pros And Cons Of Using Clicker. NORA Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 8(2), 6377. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, African American representatives also began to enter Congress in increasing numbers. Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. Democratic legitimacy. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. The pros: Its the best way to collect data without bias. Political liberalism. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Thirdly, results of this research can change over the period of time. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Would perfect mobility be perfect? License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/9e28f580-0d1b-4d72-8795-c48329947ac2@1. (2004). In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The Pros and Cons of Writing Description. ), Has liberalism failed women? 9. Reisel, L. (2014). Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. New York: Colombia University Press. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. 1. Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. Wagle Estate, Thane-400604, Maharashtra, India. People still have a voice. (1993) have developed a system consisting of a propositional and depictorial partonomy (organization of parts) for reasoning, where the depictorial partonomy reflects the hierarchy proposed in representations for visual processes. Cookies are small files that are stored on your browser. Namely, the institutional design of the state legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Florida and New Mexico the most responsive, and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive to the election of Latino legislators. Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools Legal harmonization and intersectionality in Swedish and Norwegian anti-discrimination reform. Emerald: Bingley. There are many time restrictions that are placed on research methods. Your email address will not be published. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. (eds) Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation. Pages 491-507. 6. 4. For example, Patsy Mink (D-HI), the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, was the coauthor of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, Title IX of which prohibits sex discrimination in education. . Welfare state and woman power: Essays in state feminism. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. Martin-Woolman Ltd. Home; History; Services. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Proportional representation is a complicated form of election. (1999). Pros. Various reforms such as the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Acts were implemented during the civil rights era as they helped promote greater inclusion and equity to, but not limited to, African Americans and Mexican-Americans. List of the Pros of Experimental Research 1. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Organizing and providing relevant educational content, resources and information for students. 1. The politics of presence. Norris, P., & Franklin, M. (1997). If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. : LOCAL DESCRIPTIVE REPRESENTATION, Do Gender Quotas Work? In addition, the attempts to form race-based alliances have had very little success amongst minority groups as racial similarities are not significant enough to unify different minority groups. Arena Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway, You can also search for this author in They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. From Your Site Articles Because Of Modern Feminism Disney Princess Gender Roles Are . Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation pp 87110Cite as, Part of the Citizenship, Gender and Diversity book series (FEMCIT). Ethnic Heterogeneity Ethnic Heterogeneity also known as ethnic diversity is another variable associated with social disorganization theory that I consider to be one of the. Fortunes of feminism. Towards a European union gender equality index. Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. The NWPC was formed by Bella Abzug, Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm, and other leading feminists to encourage womens participation in political parties, elect women to office, and raise money for their campaigns. Rawls, J. In the 2012 general election, 80 percent of the candidates endorsed by EMILYs List won a seat. It is also known as the linear sequential model. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. That's pretty straightforward. Or at least, that's one theory. In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that tries to create a representative body that better reflects all of the citizens' interests in an electorate or voting district. Representation: It ensures all the interests and views of the public are represented in the government. Such comparative analysis helps for quick understanding and attention. Swain, C. M. (1993). Princeton: Princeton University Press. Beyond bodies: Institutional sources of representation for women in democratic policy-making. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. We're sorry, but in order to log in and use all the features of this website, you will need to enable JavaScript in your browser. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. Social justice in the age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition, and participation. The Effects of Descriptive Representation on Interpersonal Relations. Grofman, B. It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. In this way, it couldn't just be that distinctive individuals lived in the high-wrongdoing territories than in the low-wrongdoing zones. Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. Marion Maddox, Kais Al-momani, Niki N. N. Dados, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, Leda Sutlovic, Toma Deelan, Danica Fink-Hafner, Jasminka Pesut, Centre for Peace and Social Justice Papers, The Institutional and Demographic Determinants of Latino Representation in State Legislatures, Legislative Oversight and the Substantive Representation of Black and Latino Interests in Congress, Women's Legislative Representation and Gender Equality: What Works in the Absence of a'Critical Mass', Quota Laws, Representation of Women and the Role of Civil Society Organizations, The Social and Political Forces Shaping Legislator-Constituent Relations: Expanding an Empirical Theory of Representation, Political Participation of Muslims in Australia, Citizen Panels and the Concept of Representation. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. Explaining Ethnic Minority Preferences in Bulgarian Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Politics at the Intersection: A Cross-National Analysis of Minority Women's Legislative Representation, Electoral Systems and Citizen-Elite Ideological Congruence, Womens Representation via Parliamentary Questions (with Sven Schiltz), Regendering party politics: An introduction, Religious Identity and Descriptive Representation, THE STATE OF DEMOCRACY AND REPRESENTATION IN AUSTRALIA, Voting Locally Abstaining Nationally: Descriptive Representation, Substantive Representation and Minority Voters Turnout, Activating Human Rights and Peace: Universal Responsibility Conference 2008 Conference Proceedings, Personal Attributes and Latino Voting Behavior in Congress, Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance. One of the critical factors in understanding why a few blocks are preferable at controlling wrongdoing over others needs to do with open communities connections among individuals in the area. It is the land of oppression to progression, yet we still wear our scars and our heads up high. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. This is a lesson from the tutorial, American Congress and you are encouraged to log How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? Democracy and the new separation of powers. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? Part of Springer Nature. Additionally, how much does the ethnic composition of a district affect the chances that a Latino candidate will be elected in a given district? Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. See below. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Related; Information; Close Figure Viewer. Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation refers to the election of racial and ethnic minor-ity members to policymaking bodies (Pitkin 1967). / Home; / About; descriptive representation pros and cons Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? 5 No. For example, raw numbers may show that people are more prone to a specific behavior, but an interview will explain why this behavior is occurring. Cons are arguments against it. Krizsan, A., Skjeie, H., & Squires, J. The descriptive evaluation was proposed as opposed to traditional method of evaluation and it is based on new strategies for facing the government's challenges. Bicameral legislature emanates from the concept of representative democracy. Sociologist. Institutionalizing intersectionality. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. Hernes, H. (1987). Stella M. Rouse is assistant professor of government and politics at University of MarylandCollege Park. Saskatchewan Schools; Research Methods in Psychology; Dr. Mark Burgess and Dr. Stephen Kemp. Aldershot: Ashgate. Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto Discrimination has not fallen short in any way and continues to build barriers for many people of color. Descriptive representation is hotly contested. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. Of course, descriptive representation is not logically necessary to promote minority interests. The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. While One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. New York: Palgrave. Quota problems: Combating the dangers of essentialism. The predominant theory that descriptive representation improves a constituent's relationship with the state (Mansbridge 1999) has led to the study of how sharing a salient identity with one's representative positively affects attitudes toward government.In particular, political science has examined the effect of descriptive representation on political efficacy, a measure of trust and sense . PROS Better understanding Easy sharing of information Accurate analysis Sales analysis Finding relations between events Modification of data Exploring opportunities and trends Geographical visualization CONS It gives estimation not accuracy Biased Lack of assistance Improper design issue Wrong focused people can skip core messages Descriptive Representation: Factors that Contribute to the Underrepresentation of Hispanic-Americans in The U.S. House of Representatives According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Hispanic population in the United States is fifty-four million. descriptive representation is the extent to which a representative or legislative body resembles a given constituent and her social or demographic identities. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. They also have some other benefits over traditional headphones. Feminism, epistemology and morality. Affordable. For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. Nevertheless in a country where nearly 50% of Americans under 18 are minorities, the future looks quite hopeful for real change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Furthermore, women in the profession of politics often express a lack of interest in running for office and they are often subjected to the effect of career ceilings. This advantage makes it possible to determine if outcomes are viable. Patsy Mink (a), a Japanese American from Hawaii, was the first Asian American woman elected to the House of Representatives. Both descriptive and inferential statistics help make sense out of row after row of data! The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. Ethics, 91, 431450. Firstly, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation for MEM groups. However, they also have some cons, such as low sound quality and low battery life. Mansbridge, J. New York: Free Press. Predictive analytics determines the potential outcomes of present and past actions and trends. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. It is great to see people who feel like they are finally getting the representation they deserve. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. Tables can be useful if trying to. The analysis will stress that the deliberative function of democracy requires de-scriptive representation far more than does the aggregative function. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. so that you can track your progress. Mansbridge, J. Does the representative look like, have common interests with, or share certain experiences with the represented? PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. Visualize the benefits and drawbacks of the solution. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Mellom fag og feminisme: Kvinneforskning i statsvitenskap. Sawer, M. (2002). Traveling is one of my familys favorite things to do. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. Ltd. All Rights Reserved. The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard.
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